First off, I’ve already recommended Bell’s book of reprints (Speakable and unspeakble in quantum mechanics), as well as Wheeler & Zurek’s collection Quantum Theory and Measurement. These are wonderful sources. But here are some specific articles:

The EPR “paradox” was published in Einstein, Podolsky, & Rosen, PR 47, 777 (1935).

Bell’s theorem was published in Physics 1, 195 (1965); the “Bertlmann’s socks” version appears both in his book and in Journal de Physique 42, C2-41 (1981).
His claim that the original EPR state cannot violate a Bell inequality appears in the book and in “EPR correlations and EPW distributions,” in New Techniques and Ideas in Quantum Measurement Theory (Ann. NY Acad. Sci, 1986). {What about the Franson exp’t, then?!}

The first testable form of Bell’s inequalities was derived in Clauser, Horne, Shimony, and Holt, PRL 25, 880 (1969);
and a form closer to the one I hand-wave here appears in Clauser & Horne, PRD 10, 526 (1974). (I learned this proof from Philippe Eberhard, and I believe it’s the one orginally due to Stapp, as you can read about in the Clauser-Shimony review below.)

A nice review of the both the theory (various idealized and less-idealized forms of the inequalities) and the early experiments is in Clauser & Shimony, Rep. Prog. Phys. 41, 1881 (1978), including the pioneering experiment by Freedman & Clauser, PRL 28, 938 (1972).

The later experiments by Aspect are often considered to have been the most conclusive, and appeared in Aspect, Grangier, & Roger, PRL 47, 460 (1981) and Aspect, Dalibard, & Roger, PRL 49, 1804 (1982).

Many more generalized Bell-inequality experiments have been done since, and some but not all are referred to in the review articles listed on the course web page.

Some notable ones include
Salart, Baas, Branciard, Gisin, & Zbinden, Nature 454, 861 (2008);
Rowe, Kielpinski, Meyer, Sackett, Itano, Monroe, & Wineland, Nature 409, 791 (2001);
etc.