The central aspirations,
successes and puzzles of Particle Physics will be reviewed, the 2012 discovery
of the Higgs boson at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) illustrating all
these aspects. The notion of Naturalness will be introduced as the organizing
“gambling” principle behind many searches for new particles and forces beyond
the current Standard Model. The interplay between deep theoretical mechanisms
of naturalness, such as Extra Spacetime Dimensions, Supersymmetry and Particle
Compositeness, and experimental strategies at the LHC and even more powerful
future colliders and detectors will be illustrated.