The central aspirations, successes and puzzles of Particle Physics will be reviewed, the 2012 discovery of the Higgs boson at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) illustrating all these aspects. The notion of Naturalness will be introduced as the organizing “gambling” principle behind many searches for new particles and forces beyond the current Standard Model. The interplay between deep theoretical mechanisms of naturalness, such as Extra Spacetime Dimensions, Supersymmetry and Particle Compositeness, and experimental strategies at the LHC and even more powerful future colliders and detectors will be illustrated.