In crystals, electrons move quantum mechanically and can be
spatially distributed in a way that
the bulk solid supports macroscopic electric multipole moments, which are deeply
related with emergence of topological insulators in condensed matter systems. However, unlike the classical multipoles in open space, defining multipoles in crystals is a non-trivial task, and only the dipolar moment, namely polarization, has been successfully defined so far. This polarization, materialized as Su-Schrieffer-Heeger chain, served as a classic example of modern discussions of topological band insulators. In this talk, w
e propose the general definition, i.e., many-body invariants,
for
electric multipoles in crystals,
which are related with recently-discovererd
higher-order topological
insulators.
We generalize
Resta's pioneering work
on
polarizations to the multipoles, which are designed to measure
the
distribution of electron charge in unit cells
and thus can detect
multipole moments purely
from the bulk ground state
wavefunctions.
We provide analytic as
well as numerical supports for our invariants.
Application of our invariants to
spin systems
as well as various other aspects of the many-body
invariants will be discussed.